Preheat is applied to a joint:

Common methods of applying preheat include:

One main purpose of preheat is to:

Preheat temperature is calculated based on:

Standards such as BS EN 1011 provide guidance on:

Thicker materials generally require:

Preheat temperature is normally expressed as:

Interpass temperature refers to:

Interpass temperature is normally expressed as:

. Preheat maintenance temperature is:

. Local preheat requires:

Global preheat provides:

Flame applied preheat uses:

Fuel gases for flame preheat include:

Gas/electric ovens are generally used for:

Resistive heating elements work by:

High frequency heating generates heat by:

Flame preheat requires:

Preheat is applied:

Temperature measurement location for thickness t ≤ 50mm

Temperature measurement for thickness t > 50mm:

Allowance for temperature equalisation:

Interpass temperature is measured on:

Preheat slows cooling rate to:

Preheat helps hydrogen to:

Preheat removes:

Preheat improves:

Preheat ensures:

Tempilstik indicates temperature by:

Tempilstik disadvantage:

Contact thermometers use:

. Contact thermometer accuracy:

Thermocouple principle:

Thermocouples can:

. Thermocouples require:

Contactless temperature measurement can be done using:

. Contactless measurement is:

WPS is referred to for:

Preheat slows cooling to avoid:

Preheat temperatures are validated during:

According to BS EN ISO 15614 and ASME IX:

Any change outside the preheat/interpass range requires:

Thicker steel with higher carbon equivalent requires:

. Flame applied preheat must allow:

Oxygen in flame preheat:

Preheat time depends on:

. Gas/electric oven heating provides:

Resistive heating uses:

HF preheat heats by:

Preheat helps in:

Temperature sensitive materials such as Tempilstik or Thermochrome are:

Contact thermometers use:

Contact thermometers are suitable for:

Thermocouples measure temperature based on:

Thermocouples advantages include:

Thermocouples require:

Contactless measurement devices can be:

Contactless devices are normally used for:

Advantages of preheat include all except:

Preheat reduces the risk of:

Interpass temperature must not drop below:

Preheat applied by flame requires:

Preheat applied by gas/electric oven is:

Resistive heating elements work by:

High frequency preheat generates heat by:

Preheat temperature for steel is calculated using:

Preheat assists in:

Preheat maintains:

Preheat is essential for:

Preheat time depends on:

Interpass temperature is measured on:

Preheat benefits include all except:

Preheat can be applied using:

. Preheat applied by oven is

Flame preheat gases include:

Local preheat:

. Global preheat provides:

. Tempilstik measures temperature by:

Contact thermometer requires calibration to:

Thermocouples provide:

. Optical pyrometers measure:

Optical or electrical devices are:

Preheat slows cooling rate to prevent:

Interpass temperature should not:

Preheat improves:

. Preheat removes:

Preheat applied by HF heating:

Preheat applied by resistive elements:

Flame preheat requires:

Preheat applied before welding helps:

Preheat temperature is obtained from:

. Preheat temperature range can be:

Preheat maintains:

Interpass temperature is measured:

Preheat reduces:

Preheat slows cooling of:

. Preheat improves:

Preheat allows hydrogen:

Preheat prevents:

Preheat methods include all except:

Minimum distance for measuring preheat temperature on the weld face for t ≤ 50mm

For workpiece thickness t > 50mm, preheat temperature is measured at minimum distance of:

. Allowable time for temperature equalisation is:

Interpass temperature is measured on:

. Preheat is applied:

Flame applied preheat must allow:

. Preheat temperature depends on:

Preheat reduces the risk of:

Preheat improves:

Preheat removes:

Global preheat is:

. Local preheat is

Resistive heating elements:

HF preheat generates heat by:

Gas/electric oven preheat is generally used for:

Flame preheat gases include

Temperature sensitive materials like Tempilstik:

. Contact thermometer uses:

Contact thermometers are accurate for:

Thermocouples measure temperature based on:

Thermocouples advantages include:

Thermocouples require:

Optical pyrometers measure:

Optical or electrical devices are:

Preheat slows cooling rate to prevent:

Interpass temperature should not:

Preheat improves:

Preheat removes:

Preheat applied by HF heating:

. Preheat applied by resistive elements:

Preheat temperature is obtained from:

Preheat temperature range can be

. Preheat maintains

Interpass temperature is measured:

Preheat reduces:

. Preheat slows cooling of:

Preheat improves:

Preheat allows hydrogen:

Preheat prevents:

Preheat methods include all except:

Preheat ensures:

For steel structures, preheat temperature is influenced by:

. Preheat can be applied by all except:

Preheat in thick materials requires:

For interpass temperature measurement, thickness t ≤ 50mm, measure at:

For t > 50mm, measure interpass at minimum distance of:

Preheat and interpass temperature are considered:

Any change outside preheat range requires:

. WPS provides guidance on:

Visual/welding inspector in doubt about preheat measurement should consult: