Radiographic, ultrasonic, dye penetrant, and magnetic particle methods are examples of:

The relative advantages and limitations of NDT methods are discussed mainly in terms of their:

Radiographic methods involve passing a beam of:

The transmitted radiation in radiography is collected by:

The most common sensor in radiography is:

Real-time radiography is facilitated by:

An example of real-time radiography in practice is:

Storing radiographs using computers became possible due to:

The present discussion in the text is confined to:

X-rays are generated from:

Gamma rays originate from:

In weld radiography, the most relevant penetrating radiations are

The photon energy range of X-rays used in industrial weld radiography is:

. Conventional X-ray tubes can generate energies up to:

Above 400 keV, X-rays are produced using:

Portability of X-ray equipment decreases with:

All sources of X-rays produce:

Low energy radiations in X-rays improve:

Conventional X-ray units can perform high-quality radiography on steel up to

Betatrons and linear accelerators can radiograph steel of thickness:

. Early gamma sources used in radiography were mainly:

A dangerous byproduct of radium sources was:

. Modern gamma-ray sources are artificially produced isotopes with:

Unlike X-rays, gamma sources produce:

The four isotopes commonly used in weld radiography (in ascending order of energy) are:

Thulium-170 (Tm-170) is useful for radiography of steel up to:

The energy of thulium-170 is similar

The physical size of useful thulium sources can be as small as

Ytterbium-169 (Yb-169) has energy similar to:

Ytterbium-169 is useful for radiography of steel up to:

. The most commonly used isotope in weld radiography is:

Iridium-192 has energy approximately equivalent to:

Iridium-192 is useful for radiography of steel in the thickness range:

Cobalt-60 has energy approximately equivalent to:

Cobalt-60 is useful for radiography of steel in the thickness range:

A major advantage of isotopic sources compared to X-rays is:

Another advantage of isotopic sources over X-rays is:

A limitation of isotopic gamma-ray sources is:

Gamma-ray equipment requires:

Gamma sources pose higher hazards if:

Radiographic techniques detect defects by observing:

Volumetric weld defects are easily detected because they:

An example of volumetric defect is:

Planar defects are difficult to detect by radiography because:

An example of a planar defect is

For planar defects, the preferable NDT method is:

Radiography is unsuitable where weld acceptance is based on:

A key advantage of film radiography is:

Radiography is widely used in new construction because it:

An advantage of radiography is:

A permanent record of the weld condition is an advantage of:

Radiography requires:

. A major limitation of radiography is sensitivity to:

Radiography is not good for detecting:

Radiography has limited ability to detect:

One side access is enough for:

Radiography provides:

Radiography requires:

A productivity advantage of radiography is

Compared to ultrasonics, radiography is:

The velocity of ultrasound in a given material is:

Ultrasonic beams in homogeneous materials travel:

When ultrasound passes into another medium with different velocity:

Ultrasonic laws are similar to:

Probes can beam sound at different angles because of:

Reflection of ultrasound occurs at:

Ultrasound is especially useful for detecting:

Ultrasound can provide accurate:

Experienced ultrasonic operators classify reflectors based on:

A lack of fusion defect may be identified using:

Manual ultrasonic testing equipment includes a

A flaw detector consists of:

Ultrasonic equipment has an amplifier with:

Ultrasonic probes use:

. The probe shoe is usually made of:

Probe damping is needed to:

Manual ultrasonic equipment is generally:

Automated ultrasonic systems are:

Automated UT probes are usually arranged in:

Automated ultrasonic testing requires:

Magnetic particle testing is mainly used for detecting:

The principle of magnetic particle testing depends on

Which material can be tested using magnetic particle testing?

Magnetic particle testing is not suitable for:

Flux leakage occurs when:

Which method of magnetisation provides circular magnetic fields?

The yoke method is mainly used for detecting:

Magnetic particle testing can detect:

Which is a limitation of magnetic particle testing?

Which medium is often used for applying magnetic particles?

Fluorescent magnetic particles are used because:

Demagnetisation after testing is important to:

In magnetic particle testing, residual magnetism may cause:

The two main methods of magnetisation are:

Magnetic particle testing is preferred for detecting:

Which current is best for detecting subsurface flaws?

. Which factor affects sensitivity in magnetic particle inspection?

A discontinuity aligned parallel to magnetic flux:

. Magnetic particle inspection is often used for:

A major advantage of magnetic particle testing is:

Dye penetrant testing is mainly used for:

The principle of penetrant testing relies on:

Which materials can be tested with dye penetrant?

The first step in dye penetrant testing is:

The penetrant is applied to:

The developer is applied to:

. Which is an advantage of visible dye penetrant?

Fluorescent penetrant requires:

A limitation of dye penetrant testing is:

Which step ensures accurate results in penetrant testing?

. Excess penetrant must be removed because:

Which developer is commonly used?

. Penetrant dwell time is important to:

After developer application, indications appear as:

Which type of defects are best revealed by penetrant testing?

Which factor reduces effectiveness of penetrant testing?

Post-cleaning after penetrant testing is done to:

A main advantage of dye penetrant testing is:

Which penetrant method is most sensitive?

Penetrant testing is unsuitable for: