Why are residual stresses generated in a welded joint?

What type of stress is initially created in the surrounding cold parent metal when the weld pool is formed?

What stress occurs on cooling when contraction of the weld metal is resisted by the bulk of the cold parent metal?

Residual stresses in a joint are:

In a thick plate, residual stresses can have a:

What is the approximate volume reduction of molten C-Mn steel on solidification?

Further cooling of solidified weld metal/HAZ reduces the volume by

Transverse residual stresses depend largely on:

In a butt joint, where is tensile stress usually produced in transverse residual stresses?

In longitudinal residual stresses, the weld and heated plate are:

The width of the tensile residual stress band depends on:

Maximum tensile residual stress equals:

Does post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) completely eliminate residual stresses?

What is the effect of PWHT on peak residual stresses?

Why are residual stresses considered detrimental?

Which structure can usually tolerate residual stresses without detriment?

Which factor is NOT listed as affecting residual stresses?

What occurs if thermal stresses exceed the yield strength of the parent metal?

Which is a main type of distortion?

Angular distortion occurs due to:

How can a double-sided V butt weld help prevent angular distortion?

What causes longitudinal bowing in welded plates?

What is dishing in plates?

Long-range compressive stresses can cause:

Which parent material property affects distortion most?

How does restraint influence distortion?

Pre-setting of parts involves:

Pre-bending parts before welding:

Which technique is more widely used for distortion control?

Flexible clamps can:

. Fully welded strongbacks:

Best practice for welding assembly includes all EXCEPT:

To reduce distortion by design, it is recommended to:

Reducing weld volume helps:

Balanced welding helps:

Which fabrication technique resists transverse shrinkage?

Back-to-back assembly helps:

Longitudinal stiffeners are used to:

High deposition rate processes are preferred because:

General rule for welding technique to prevent distortion:

Skip welding involves:

Best practice to prevent distortion includes:

Mechanical correction of distortion can involve:

Pressing techniques should use:

Thermal techniques correct distortion by:

Spot heating is used mainly for:

Line heating is primarily used for:

Wedge-shaped heating is suitable for:

Recommended maximum temperature for thermal correction in steels:

What is the main purpose of controlling welding sequence?

Symmetrical welding helps:

. Which type of restraint allows some movement and reduces residual stress?

Preheating a steel plate before welding:

High carbon steels are more prone to:

Welding on thin sheets usually causes:

. Which of the following reduces distortion in long fillet welds?

Heat input is calculated using:

High heat input in welding causes:

Low heat input causes:

What is the effect of multiple small passes versus single large pass?

Welding sequence should:

Which is NOT a method for controlling distortion?

Transverse shrinkage is caused by:

Longitudinal shrinkage occurs along:

Angular distortion is measured as:

. Out-of-plane distortion refers to:

Welding sequence for two-sided welds should:

Which type of residual stress may cause stress corrosion cracking?

. Stress relief methods include:

Localized plastic deformation due to residual stress can lead to:

. The wider the weld, the:

Clamping a plate rigidly during welding:

. Which welding technique helps control distortion in thin plates?

Heat sink effect of backing bar helps:

Welding from center outward reduces:

. Welding from end to center:

Pre-setting involves:

Which type of residual stress exists even without external load?

Welding near previously welded areas causes:

Which factor reduces distortion in thin sheet assemblies?

. Which residual stress is beneficial for fatigue resistance?

Residual stresses in weldments are usually highest in:

. Large stiffeners help:

Heat-affected zone (HAZ) size depends on:

Which is a common effect of uneven heating?

What is neutral axis in welding?

Correcting distortion by thermal techniques requires heating:

Mechanical correction is limited to:

Excessive restraint can cause:

Welding near the neutral axis helps:

Welding in balanced sequence reduces:

Which factor affects magnitude of residual stress the most?

Differential cooling causes:

In double-sided butt welds, using equal passes:

Welding sequence should consider:

Residual stress can be relaxed by:

Preheating reduces risk of:

Post-weld straightening should be done:

Main purpose of distortion control in fabrication is:

The main reason for preheating before welding high carbon steel is:

Which factor has the greatest effect on distortion in thin sheets?

Shrinkage during welding occurs because:

Longitudinal residual stresses are primarily:

Transverse residual stresses are caused by:

Which method helps minimize angular distortion?

Distortion in fillet welds is reduced by:

Which factor influences residual stress the most?

Heat input is calculated using:

Excessive heat input may cause:

Rapid cooling after welding causes:

Residual stresses exist:

Mechanical straightening is limited by:

Heat-affected zone (HAZ) size increases with:

Clamping rigidly during welding:

Neutral axis in welding refers to:

Pre-setting involves:

. Balanced welding sequence helps:

Out-of-plane distortion refers to:

Welding on thin plates:

Which residual stress is beneficial for fatigue life?

Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) primarily:

Differential cooling causes:

High restraint during welding can lead to:

Skip welding reduces:

Longitudinal shrinkage occurs along:

Transverse shrinkage occurs:

Welding near previously welded areas can:

. Symmetrical two-sided welds:

Preheating high carbon steel:

Mechanical correction after welding is:

Excessive weld size causes:

Angular distortion is measured by:

Out-of-plane distortion is mainly:

Pre-setting reduces:

Neutral axis is important for:

Welding sequence in fillet welds should:

Post-weld straightening should be performed:

Heat-affected zone size depends on:

Longitudinal residual stresses may lead to:

Residual stress is generally highest:

Welding sequence can control:

Which factor increases HAZ size?

Which type of restraint is best for reducing distortion?

Differential contraction occurs due to:

Skip welding reduces:

Residual stresses can be relieved by:

Main purpose of distortion control is:

Preheating before welding reduces:

Excessive restraint during welding may cause:

. Heat input is calculated using:

Longitudinal shrinkage occurs:

Transverse shrinkage occurs:

Symmetrical welding helps:

Skip welding reduces:

Out-of-plane distortion refers to:

Angular distortion is measured by:

High heat input causes:

Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) is used to:

Mechanical straightening after welding is limited by:

Pre-setting of plates:

Neutral axis helps:

Differential cooling causes:

Thin plates are more susceptible to:

Longitudinal residual stresses act:

Transverse residual stresses act:

Heat sink effect of backing bar:

Balanced two-sided welds:

Post-weld straightening should be done:

Welding sequence should consider:

Clamping rigidly during welding:

Excessive weld size causes:

Preheating high carbon steel:

Heat-affected zone size increases with:

Welding near previously welded areas:

Residual stresses exist:

Compressive residual stress is beneficial for:

Rapid cooling after welding can cause:

Mechanical correction after welding:

Welding sequence in fillet welds:

Pre-setting reduces:

. Neutral axis is important for:

High restraint during welding can lead to:

. Symmetrical two-sided welds:

Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) primarily:

. Differential contraction occurs due to:

Skip welding reduces:

Main purpose of distortion control is:

Welding sequence can control:

Out-of-plane distortion is mainly:

Angular distortion is caused by:

Heat input should be controlled to:

Residual stress is generally highest:

Longitudinal residual stresses may lead to:

Preheating reduces risk of:

Mechanical straightening is limited by:

Differential cooling causes:

Heat-affected zone size depends on:

Residual stresses are defined as:

Residual stresses can be introduced by:

Tensile residual stresses in a weld can lead to:

Compressive residual stresses in a component:

Welding-induced residual stresses are mainly caused by:

Which zone in a welded joint experiences the highest tensile residual stress?

. Distortion in welded structures occurs due to:

Longitudinal shrinkage in a plate occurs along:

Transverse shrinkage occurs:

Angular distortion in a fillet weld is caused by:

Buckling of thin plates in welding is due to:

Curling or bending of plates occurs due to:

. Shrinkage in multipass welds can be minimized by:

. Residual stresses can be measured using:

Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) helps to:

Mechanical stress relief includes:

Thermal stress relief in welding is achieved by:

Cracks due to residual stresses usually occur in:

High restraint during welding:

Low restraint welding:

Symmetric welding sequences are preferred to:

Welding sequence in a stiffener plate should:

Distortion of a T-joint is mainly:

Long welds produce:

. Butt weld residual stresses are higher at:

Welding distortion can be controlled by:

High heat input leads to:

Low heat input leads to:

Residual stress in multipass welds:

Preheating reduces

. Welding sequence for symmetric plates:

Heat sinks near weld help to:

. Peening of weld beads:

Residual stresses are harmful in:

Distortion can be minimized using: